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Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate, Harlow
Essex,
CM20 2JE, England
And Associated Companies throughout the World.
www.longman.com
© Pearson Education Limited 2000
The right of Elaine Walker and Steve Elsworth to be
identified as authors of this Work has been asserted by
them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
AH rights reserved; no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior
written permission of the Publishers.
ISBN 0 582 41710 4
Fifth impression 2004
Set in Slimbach
Printed in Malaysia, LSP
Illustrations by David Mostyn
Project Managed by Lewis Lansford
Additional material written by David Bowker.
Contents
To the student
NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
pronouns
1 -2
possessives
2-5
plurals
7
the article
8-16
countables and uncountables
6,15,17-19
comparative and superlative
adjectives
20-25
participial adjectives
26-27
adverbs
27-29
MODALS
modals in questions and negatives
can, could
may, might
should, must
have to
86-87
87-88
89-90
91-92
93-95
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
The gerund
The infinitive
96-100
101-104
VERBS
The present tense
present simple and continuous
30-37
REPORTED SPEECH
Direct speech
Indirect speech
105-110
111-114
The past tense
past simple and continuous
present perfect
38-48
48-56
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Word order
direct and indirect object
frequency adverbs
link words
115-116
117-118
118-120
Questions and answers
making questions
short responses
121-123
124-125
Relative clauses
126-127
The future tense
present continuous as future
going to future
future simple
present simple as future
56-58
58-60
63-65
61-66
65-66
Verb formations
irregular verbs
67-70
PREPOSITIONS
128-137
The passive
passives
71-74
PHRASAL VERBS
138-144
Verb formations
used to
imperative
75-77
77-78
TESTS 1-3
145-153
ANSWER KEY
154-168
CONDITIONALS
first conditional
second conditional
zero conditional
79-80
81-82
84-85
INDEX
169-174
To the student
Grammar Practice for Pre-Intermediate Students gives short, clear explanations
of all the main areas of English grammar, and provides practice exercises for
you to do.
There are two ways in which this book can he used:
(i) in class with help from your teacher;
(ii) at home by yourself.
If you are using the book by yourself, use the Index and the Contents list to find
the area that you want to study, read the grammatical explanation, and then do
the exercise. To check your answers, you will need to use the edition of
Grammar Practice for Pre-Intermediate Students with Answer key.
We hope that Grammar Practice for Pre-Intermediate Students helps you to
improve your English.
Elaine Walker
Steve Elsworth
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
1 Subject and object pronouns
Subject pronouns
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Object pronouns
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
• The subject is the person or thing doing the action:
/ left early.
She went home.
We said goodbye.
• The object is the person or thing
receiving the action:
She telephoned me.
I hit him.
We saw her.
Practice
Write the correct pronouns for these sentences.
1 ..She... telephoned yesterday, (she)
2 We watched .him... for hours, (he)
3 Hasn't
4
5
arrived yet? (she)
don't understand. (I)
Are you talking to
? (I)
6 Don't ask
doesn't know, (she/she)
7 This is Julia:
have known
8
the bus was leaving, (they)
Nobody told
9 Why didn't
ask
10 Don't ask
Ask
for years, (we/she)
to come? (she/they)
(I/he)
11
think
doesn't like
12
asked
to invite
(T/hc/I)
(they/he/we)
1
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
2 Reflexive pronouns
myself
yourself
himself
herself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
itself
• The object is the same person or thing as the subject:
1 cut myself when I was cooking.
The kettle will switch itself off automatically.
Practice
Write the correct reflexive pronouns for these sentences.
1
I like to wake ..myselff.. up in the morning with a cup of coffee.
2 Thanks for a great party - we really enjoyed . ourselves.. .
3 I hate watching
on video.
4 I'm sorry, Tony, but I haven't got enough money to pay for you. Can you
pay for
?
5 After his accident, Philip drove
to the hospital.
6
We don't need a babysitter - the children can look after
7
Now, children, remember to give
enough time to
answer all the exam questions.
8
'Should I apply for the job?' she asked
9 We're planning to buy
a new television.
10 He hurt
3
when he was playing football.
Possessive adjectives
• Each pronoun has a possessive adjective:
I
—>
my
you —> your
he —> his
she —• her
we —>
you —>
they -->
it
—>
our
your
their
its
Practice
Write the correct possessive adjectives for these sentences.
1 These are ..my... parents. (!)
2 I've got
3 Is this
4 Do they like
2
watch, (he)
car? {you)
new house? (she)
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
5 Have you met
teacher? (they)
6 Who's got
money? (I)
7 I don't like
teacher, (we)
8 Have you got
passport? (you)
9 He forgot
keys, (he)
10 They changed
hotel, (they)
11 She gave the letter to
secretary, (she)
12 There's something wrong with
13 They're having a party in
14 Where's
car. (I)
garden, (they)
pen? (I)
15 I like
jacket. (You)
4 Possessive adjectives and pronouns
Possessive adjectives
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
Possessive pronouns
mine
yours
his
hers
-
ours
yours
theirs
• The possessive adjective is always followed by its noun:
It's my car.
That's his mother.
This is our house.
• The possessive pronoun is never followed by its noun:
This is mine.
Give it to Peter: it's his.
The money is ours.
Practice
Write the correct possessive adjective or pronoun for these sentences.
1 Whose camera is this? Is it ..yours. ? (you)
2 Excuse me, those are ,.our.. seats, (we)
3 Is it
suitcase or
4 Has the dog had
5 They're not
6 I don't think its
7 The police asked me for
? (you/he)
food? (it)
keys - they're
room: I think it's
(I/she)
(you/they)
address. (I)
3
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
8 Have you got
pen, or would you like to borrow
? (you/I)
9
garden is bigger than
10 I think this is
book. Oh no, it's
11 The decision is
(they)
12 The cat wants
dinner, (it)
13 You know it's not
14 It isn't
(they/we)
(I/you)
money. It's
car, it's
15 It wasn't
(you/I)
(he/she)
mistake, it was
16 Have you met
(I/they)
mother? (they)
17
parents say the decision is
18
brother hasn't got a phone, so he uses
19
car wasn't working, so I used
20
house is smaller than
(she/they)
(I/we)
(I/he)
(we/they)
5 The possessive with s
• To indicate possession for people or animals:
a) in the singular, add 's:
Anne's bike
James's friend
The dog's food
b) for plurals ending in s, just add ':
The boys' mother
My pare/Us' house
The ladies' hats
c) for other plurals, add 's:
The children's friends
The women's cars
Note: It's = It is. The possessive of it is its:
It's cold today.
Give the dog its food.
Practice
Rewrite these sentences, putting the apostrophe (') where necessary. If two
answers are possible, write the more likely one.
1
We talked to the boys parents for some time.
We talked to the boys' parents for some time.
We talked to the boy's parents for some time.
2
We can borrow my fathers car.
We can borrow my father's car.
3
Have you met Susans friend?
4 About sixty people use the teachers room.
5
Someone had taken Barbaras purse.
6
Something was hurting the animals foot.
7 I'm going to write to the childrens parents.
8 Jane works in my mothers office.
9
The dog doesn't like its food.
10 Mary and Pat stayed at their friends house.
11 Are you going to the secretaries meeting?
12 I put the money in the waiters hand.
13 lans suit was very expensive.
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
6 Countable and uncountable nouns
• Countable nouns are things that can be counted:
a book, two cars, three planes
• Uncountable nouns cannot be counted as one, two, three, etc:
milk, water, flour
> Exercise 17: if we want to count these things, we use a litre of, a kilo of, etc.
Note: Bread, cheese, butter, information, news, food, and money are all uncountable nouns.
>• Exercise 14 for some and any.
Practice
Write 'C for countable, 'U' for uncountable.
I information
apple
C
cheese
water
U
tooth
butter
boy
car
sugar
milk
grass
tree
table
person
garden
pen
road
book
bread
chair
news
cup
bicycle
bus
computer
hand
wine
money
flour
house
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
7 Singular and plural
• To make a singular noun plural, add s:
brother —> brothers; car —> cars; house —> houses
Notes
• If the word ends in ch, sh, x, or s, add es.
match —> matches; box —> boxes
• If the word ends in y, change to ies:
baby —> babies; lady —> ladies
• Remember the common irregular plurals:
men, women, children, people, teeth, feet
Practice
Write the plurals.
brother
brothers
woman
sister
box
match
baby
key
person
camera
man
church
child
teacher
secretary
garden
student
sandwich
bus
door
cinema
lady
foot
gentleman
boy
tooth
table
restaurant
window
house
banana
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
8 The indefinite article a
• a (or an) is used with countable nouns (> Exercise 6) to indicate one.
Can I have a cup of tea?
I've got a daughter and two sons.
• a is not used before a plural noun (NOT I've got a sons).
• a is not used before uncountable nouns (NOT I want a petrol, please).
Practice
Write a, an, or nothing to complete these sentences.
1 I'd like ..a.. sandwich, please.
1 He asked me for ..-.. money.
3 They wanted
4 I'd like
information about the trains.
apple and
orange, please.
5 They've got
very big house.
6 Do you like
fast cars?
7 We watched
films all afternoon.
8 Have you got
umbrella?
9 I asked for
bread and
10 Are you drinking
11 I had
12 He gave me
cheese.
milk?
glass of water.
orange.
13 Is there
telephone here?
14 We had
eggs for breakfast.
15 I like
coffee and
tea.
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
9 The indefinite article a and the definite article the
• a is used with countable nouns to indicate one (>- Exercise 8):
I've got two bikes and a car.
She's a lawyer.
He's a teacher.
• the is used:
a) when a word is used a second time;
He gave me a knife and a spoon. The spoon was dirty.
I bought a pen and some paper, but I left the pen in the shop.
b) when only one object exists:
the earth, the sun, the River Thames
Practice
Write a, the, or no article to complete these sentences.
1
She's .a... journalist.
2 ..The.. moon moves slowly round the... earth.
3
sun is shining.
4 I'd like
cup of coffee, please.
5 Have you got
double room?
6 He gave me a lighter and some cigarettes but
lighter
didn't work.
7 There was
doctor and
nurse in the room
nurse was sleeping.
8 She took
sandwich and
piece of cake, but didn't eat
cake.
9 Yes, I work at this school. I'm
teacher.
10 A man and two women were sitting in the car. 1 think
man
was Italian.
11 Did you see
Pope when he came to England?
12 He offered me
cigarette, but I refused.
13 Did you send me
postcard when you were in Greece?
14 They had six cats and
15 Have you got
16 She sent me
17 I had
dog. T really liked
dog.
match, please?
letter and
cup of tea and
18 Have you met Sally? She's
card
ice cream
friend of mine.
letter didn't arrive.
tea was terrible.
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
10
No article or the before names of places
• a or the is not usually used before names of villages, towns, streets, cities,
countries or continents.
She lives in Paris.
We went to India.
• the is used before names of seas, rivers, groups of islands or mountains,
kingdoms, republics, deserts, plural names of countries: the Atlantic Ocean,
the River Thames, the Netherlands, the Arctic (land and sea), the Antarctic
(land and sea), the Alps, the United States of America, the United Arab
Emirates, the Sahara, the United Kingdom, the Nile, the Gobi Desert.
Practice
Write the names of the places below in two columns, those with the and those
without the.
River Seine
Luxembourg
Istanbul
Pyrenees
Chile
Solomon Islands
10
Philippines
Sweden
Oxford Street
Bombay
South China Sea
Hamburg
Algeria
Rocky Mountains
St Lawrence River
Barcelona
People's Republic of Mongolia
Pacific Ocean
with the
without the
River Seme
Luxembourg
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
11
No article or definite article?
Words using no article
He doesn't like going to school.
I think she's at home now.
I usually get to work at 9.30.
Do you go to church on Sundays?
She was very tired so she went to bed early.
Did you have the baby in hospital?
Their father's in prison.
• There is usually no a or the before: school, college, university, home, work,
church, bed, hospital, prison, town.
Note: We only say a or the before these words when the building is important and not its use:
It was a beautiful church.
The school is very old now.
This is not a very comfortable bed.
Is there a prison near here?
The hospital is closing down.
Words using the
We don't very often go to the cinema.
Did you go to the disco on Saturday?
I go to the supermarket every Friday.
• We usually say the before the places we visit in a town:
the cinema, theatre, disco, opera, post office, bank; names of shops - baker's,
grocer's, supermarket, chemist, butcher's; dentist('s), doctor('s), hairdresser('s),
toilet
And we say the shopping: I do the shopping on Mondays.
• But we can sometimes use a before these words:
Did you go to the disco on Saturday? but: There's a new disco in town.
I'm going to the bank, but: Does she work in a bank?
Practice
Write the sentences, adding the where necessary.
1 Is he still in bed?
\e he still in bed?
2 Would you like to go to cinema tonight?
Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?
3
We visit him in prison about once a month.
4 Can I go home now?
11
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
5 I usually go to bank once a week.
6 Does she like it at university?
7
School is almost falling down.
8 I do all my shopping at supermarket.
9
What time do you finish work?
10 I went to hairdresser last week but my hair looks terrible.
11 Bed in this room is too small for me.
12 I don't usually go to church but my parents do.
13 He goes to doctor's regularly - he always thinks he's ill.
14 What are you going to study at college?
15 Poor James! He hates being in hospital.
12
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
12 Other words with a, an, the or no article
The apples are £1 a kilo.
I never drive more than 80 kilometres an hour.
She smokes about twenty cigarettes a day.
a, an when talking about cost, speed or how often we do something.
Can you play the guitar?
I love listening to the piano.
the with musical instruments when we talk about playing them or listening to
them. But note: I'd like to buy a piano.
I usually listen to the radio in the mornings.
They watch television most evenings.
the with listen to the radio. No article with watch television. But note: Have
you got a new television? This is an expensive radio.
English isn't too difficult to learn.
History is my favourite subject.
She plays tennis very well.
I usually have toast for breakfast.
• No article before names of academic subjects, languages, sports, meals.
Practice
Complete these sentences with a, an, the or no article.
1
She plays ..?/? Exercise 6 for the difference between countable and uncountable nouns.
• a is used with singular countable nouns:
I'm waiting for a bus.
• some is used in positive sentences
a) with plural countable nouns:
Some people arrived.
I'd like a loaf and some eggs, please.
b] with uncountable nouns:
/ bought some milk.
I'd like some water, please.
• any is used like some, but in negative sentences and questions
a) with plural countable nouns:
Did you meet, any friends in town?
I didn't buy any eggs.
b) with uncountable nouns:
Did you buy any milk?
I didn't have any water.
• No is also used to mean not any, but with a positive verb form:
There were no eggs in the market.
I had no water.
• some is used in offers:
Would you like some coffee?
Would you like some tea?
I've got
{Wouldn't you like...?)
an apple
some oranges
some sugar
Have you got ...?
I haven't got
an apple
any oranges
any sugar
Practice
14 Complete the sentences with a, an, some or any.
1
Would you like..a.. cup of tea?
2
There's some.. butter in the fridge.
3 Can I make
4 There weren't
telephone call?
books in the house.
5 There are
children at the door.
6 She wants
glass of water.
7 They don't have
friends in the village.
15
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
STAGE 1
8 I bought
lemonade yesterday.
9 Have you got
watch?
10 She'd like
new perfume.
11 We're getting
new car soon.
12 There isn't
13 I'd like
shampoo in the bathroom.
apple, please.
14 The house hasn't got
15 Would you like
16 I've got
orange juice?
bananas and
17 Did you bring
18 I'd like
apple.
bread?
water, please.
19 Sorry, I haven't got
20 I asked the waiter for
15
16
furniture.
matches.
tea.
something, anything; someone, anyone (or somebody, anybody)
Positive
There's someone at the door.
I've got something to tell you.
Negative
I didn't know anyone at the party.
We didn't have anything to drink.
Question
Did you meet anyone at the club?
Do you know anything about this place?
Note: Can I have ...?, Would you like ...? + something, someone:
Would you tike something to eat?
Can I have something to drink?
Practice
Circle the correct word in each sentence.
1 Is there {something,
16
to eat in the fridge?
2
There's {something/anything) about your friend Alec in the paper.
3
I met [someone/anyone) from your office last night.
4
I called at their house but there wasn't {someone/anyone) in.
5
Do you know {someone/anyone) in this street?
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
Practice
Write a few, a little, much or many to complete these sentences. Do not use
some, any, or a lot of.
1
There's some food, but not .much... drink.
2
.A few people arrived before the party started, but not many.
3 There's not
food in the cupboard.
4 She hasn't got
friends.
5 T'm sorry, I haven't got
time.
6 The receptionist didn't give me
7 I can lend you
information.
money until tomorrow.
8 1 asked him to put
milk in my coffee.
9 I've seen her
Times this year, but not very often.
10 We only have
petrol left.
11 She started feeling ill only
12 Not
days before the exam.
people come here in the winter.
13 Did they pay you
money for working there?
14 There aren't
towns in this part of England.
15 I didn't drink
wine at the party.
16 There are only
people at the beach.
17 1 didn't have
opportunity to talk to him.
18 The bank only lent me
19 Can I ask you
money.
questions?
20 The journey was a short one: it didn't take
21 Only
students are going to fail the exam.
22 I don't think
23 1 haven't done
24 I gave the cat
25 1 don't think I've made
18
people will come tonight.
work today.
milk.
mistakes.
time.
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
17
Counting the uncountables
• It is not possible to say one water, two flours, etc.
Uncountable objects are counted in two ways:
a) in litres, kilos, etc:
Could I have a kilo of potatoes?
I need three litres of milk.
b) by counting the containers that hold the uncountable noun:
I'd like three bottles of lemonade, please.
or by dividing the object into pieces, which are then counted:
Would you like a piece of cake?
Practice
Write the correct word for each object.
1 a
of lemonade
2 a
of cake
3 a
of bread
4 a
of chocolates
5 a
of peas
6 a
of chocolate
7
a
of Coca-Cola
8
of jam
9 a
of cigarettes
10 a
of bread
11 a
of milk
12 a
of toothpaste
a
19
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
18 Comparatives (tall, taller; comfortable, more comfortable)
• Adjectives with one syllable (tall, great, short, etc.) add er:
tall —>taller; great —> greater; short —> shorter
Adjectives that end with e just add r: wide -+ wider
a) If the word ends in one vowel + consonant, double the consonant:
thin —• thinner; hot --> hotter; big —• bigger
b] If the word ends in two vowels + consonant, do not double the consonant:
great —> greater; poor --> poorer
c] If the word ends in e, just add r:
large —> larger
d) Note the irregulars:
good —> better; bad —> worse
Practice
18a Write the comparatives.
taller
large
short
thin
rich
hot
wide
poor
cold
long
young
warm
good
big
cheap
fat
bad
small
old
clean
brave
tall
• Adjectives with three syllables or more (comfortable, beautiful expensive, etc.)
add more:
comfortable —• more comfortable; beautiful —• more beautiful;
expensive —> more expensive
• When making comparisons, use than:
Mary's taller than John.
John's shorter than Mary.
The big television's more expensive than the small one.
This chair's more comfortable than that one.
18b Write the correct comparative for these sentences.
1 The Mississippi's ..longer than_ the Thames, (long)
2 This hotel's . more,comfort able than__ the other one. (comfortable)
3 I think this shop is
4 The restaurant is
20
that one. (good)
the cafe, (expensive)
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
5
Simon's
Mark, (old)
6 I think Scotland is
7 My brother's
England, (beautiful)
I am. (young)
8 1 like this school because it's
the other one.
(big)
9
Accommodation here is
in my country.
(expensive)
10 The weather here is
11 I think you're
at home, (cold)
your father now. (tall)
12 His homework was
13 This film is
mine, (bad)
the one you wanted to see.
(interesting)
14 The journey is
I thought, (long)
15 This lesson is
the last one. (difficult)
19 Comparatives
> Exercise 18 for adjectives with one syllable, and with three syllables or more.
• Adjectives with two syllables
a) generally use morecareful -> more careful; stupid —> more stupid; cautious --> more cautious
b) but if the adjective ends in er, y, ow, add er:
clever --> cleverer; friendly —• friendlier (note: y changes to i);
pretty —> prettier; narrow —> narrower
• The comparative of little is less, and of few is fewer:
I've got less money than she has.
There are fewer problems than there were before.
Note:
It's getting hotter and hotter.
It's getting more and mure dangerous.
Practice
Write the comparative of the words given to complete the sentences.
Add than where necessary.
1
He is . more helpful than he used to be. (helpful")
2 It was slowly getting .hotter. and .hotter... (hot)
3 I had
time than T needed to finish the job.
(little)
21
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
4 Peter gets
and
all the time, (selfish)
5 You seem
you were yesterday, (happy)
6 My chair was getting
and
(uncomfortable)
7 We need
actors for this film, (young)
8 I think that the new salesman is
the last
one. (honest)
9 This road is
and
the other one. (long/dangerous)
10 Is the new car
the old one? (expensive)
11 This system is
the last one we had. (easy)
12 People here are
they are at home, (polite)
13 The man was getting
and
14 The city is
(angry)
it used to be. (crowded)
15 She was feeling
she had been earlier.
(miserable)
16 Computers are
nowadays, (complicated)
17 I think trains are
and
cars, (fast/comfortable)
18 We will have to think of a
method, (good)
19 I'm beginning to feel
about the results.
(hopeful)
20 She seems to be getting
and
(thin]
21 My new dictionary is a lot
the last one. (useful)
22 These trousers are too wide. Do you have any that are
?
(narrow)
23
young people learn to play musical
instruments than in the past, (few)
24 The film got
and
until I fell
asleep! (boring)
25 I think that people who live in villages are
people in big cities, (friendly)
26 Her new job is a lot
22
the last one. (stressful)
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
20
Comparatives
Check
Complete these sentences, using the comparative form of the adjectives given.
1
It's hotter.. here than in London, (hot)
2
She's .more imaginative.. than her brother, (imaginative)
3 He's
than all the other students, (old)
4 Do you think Pat is
5
than Brian? (intelligent)
This school is
than ours, (old-fashioned)
6 The computer was
than 1 thought.
(expensive)
7 The rooms are
than they used to be.
(clean)
8 He's
than he was a year ago. (healthy)
9 Do you think English is
than French.
(difficult)
10 He eats a lot - he's getting
and
(fat)
11 His face was getting
and
(red)
12 He was
than T had ever seen him before.
(angry)
13 Big cars are
than small ones, (comfortable)
14 My exam was
than I had thought, (bad)
15 The road becomes
after four or five miles.
(narrow)
16 I'm sure I'll find New York
than Houston.
(exciting)
17 I need to go to the doctor - this cough is getting
and
(bad)
18 He thinks Charlie Chaplin is
19 Their plane ticket was
than Mr Bean, (funny)
than mine because
they flew on a Sunday, (cheap)
20 My son is a lot
now that he's a teenager, (lazy)
23
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
21
as... as
• To say that two things or people are the same or equal:
My son is as tall as you.
• To say that two things or people are not the same or equal:
The second half of the football match was not as exciting as the first half.
Practice
Complete these sentences, using the adjectives in the box.
boring
comfortable
dangerous
feet independent
old
relaxing
deep
difficult
valuable
1 This summer is not as .hot.. as last summer.
2 I hope his new book is not as .boring...as his last one.
3
She was afraid of flying, but I told her it's not as
as
travelling by car.
4 Don't worry. The river isn't as
5
as it looks.
Silver isn't as
as gold.
6 Dogs aren't as
as cats.
7 Our new car is very fast, but it's not as
8 Do you think French is as
as the old one.
to learn as English?
9 Were you really born in 1980? I didn't realise you were as
as me.
10 For me, lying on the beach is not as
as walking in
the mountains.
22
Superlatives
• Adjectives with one syllable add est:
great —• greatest; small --> smallest; old —> oldest
> Exercise 18 for spelling changes.
• Adjectives with two syllables use most:
careful --> most careful; patient --> most patient
But two syllable adjectives ending in er, y or oxv, add est:
clever —> cleverest; happy --> happiest; pretty --> prettiest (y changes to i);
narrow --> narrowest
• Adjectives with three syllables or more use most:
expensive —> most expensive; dangerous --> most dangerous;
comfortable —> most comfortable
24
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
Note: The irregulars:
bad --> worst
good —> best
little --> least
USE
Superlatives are used to compare one thing with several others.
They are used with the ... in, or the ... of; sometimes they are used with
just the ....
This is the longest river in the world.
This is the most expensive car of them all.
This is the most expensive car here.
Practice
Write the superlatives of the words given, using in or of where necessary.
1
This is .the biggest building in.. the world, (big building)
2 This is
3 He bought
4 I think she's
5 He's
6 Who's
7 It's
8
She's
here, (comfortable chair)
the shop, (expensive flowers)
the group, (good singer)
the company, (careful driver)
the class? (old student)
I've ever seen, (bad film)
all the students, (intelligent)
9 It was
I had ever heard, (beautiful music)
10 He's
all the assistants, (helpful)
11 He's
his class, (young)
12 This is
13 She's
14 I didn't answer
15 Peter's
the world, (poor country)
I've ever met. (strange person)
questions, (difficult)
them all. (old)
23 too, enough
• The infinitive with to is often used after too + adjective, or not +
adjective + enough.
It's too cold to swim today. (We can't swim today - it's too cold.)
It isn't warm enough to go to the beach. (We can't go to the beach
- it's not warm enough.)
25
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
Practice
Complete these sentences using too or not ... enough.
1
I can't walk any further - I'm ..too tired... (tired)
2
I'm sorry. You're .not old.enough to see this film. (old)
3 It's
to work here. Let's go to the library.
[noisy)
4 Ian was
to get into the swimming team.
(fast)
5 Your handwriting is
6
to read, (small)
I'm afraid we can't buy that computer. It's
(expensive)
7
I don't think George should get the new job - he's
(efficient)
8 Those jeans are
to wear to the party.
(dirty)
9
We couldn't talk to each other in the pub - the music was
(loud)
10 Can you help me with this bottle? I'm
open it. (strong)
24 Participial adjectives (bored/boring)
CONTRAST
• Note the difference:
I was bored.
The lesson was boring.
It is not possible to say: The lesson was bored.
It is possible to say: She was boring.
Practice
Circle the correct word in each sentence.
1 It was a very [interested^
2 We were all very
performance.
'interesting) in what he said.
3 It was a very {tired/tiring) journey.
4 We were all very [worried/worrying).
5
26
The children are [frightening/frightened) by the animals.
to
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
6 Why do you look so {bored/boring) at school?
7 It was a terribly [excited/exciting) day.
8
Don't look so [worrying/worried).
9 We had a [tiring/tired) trip home.
10 It was an extremely {amused/amusing} programme.
11 It was an [exciting/excited) idea!
12 It was the most [boring/bored) lesson I can remember.
13 We were all feeling (tired/tiring),
14 Didn't you think it was an {amused/amusing) play?
15 The last half hour was a [worrying/worried) time.
16 I've never been so [frightened/frightening) in my life.
25
Adverbs of manner
• Adverbs of manner are formed from adjectives by adding ly:
quick --> quickly; polite —> politely; careful —• carefully
• Note these irregulars: good -> well; hard -> hard; fast --> fast; early --> early;
late --> late; loud --> loud or loudly.
He's a good worker. He works well.
She's a hard worker. She works hard.
She's a fast runner. She runs fast.
Practice
Write the adverbs.
quick
quickly
clever
slow
nice
fast
bad
careful
intelligent
stupid
polite
dangerous
rude
good
brave
hard
early
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
26
Comparison of adverbs
• Most adverbs are used with more and most:
slowly —> more slowly, most slowly
dangerously--> more dangerously, most dangerously
• One-syllable adverbs add er and est:
hard —• harder, hardest; fast --> faster, fastest; loud --> louder, loudest
• The irregular comparisons are:
well
badly
little
better
worse
less
best
worst
least
farther/
further
far
farthest/
furthest
Practice
Write the correct form of adverbs for these sentences.
1
She works ..harder.. than all the others, (hard)
2 Of all the machines, this one works the
3
Couldn't you drive a bit
(good)
? (careful)
4 I can't understand. Would you ask him to speak
5 They all behaved badly, but Pat behaved the
6 John was shouting
than the others, (good)
8 Susan climbed
than the rest of us. (fast)
than everybody else in the house, (early)
10 Do you think they have acted
28
(bad)
than everybody else, (loud)
7 I think I understand
9 She gets up
? (clear]
? (stupid)
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
27 Adjectives and adverbs
Check
Complete these sentences.
1
It was .the.best.. driving I have ever seen, (good)
2 Peter sang ..louder than all the others, (loud)
3
The holiday wasn't .as expensive.. as the one we had last year.
4 She's a good student: she works
than
the others, (careful)
5 Would you play
, please? I'm trying to
sleep, (quiet)
6 Of all the people in the factory, Joan works
(efficient)
7 The weather isn't
as I had expected.
(bad)
8 This is the
9 She plays the piano
company in the world, (big)
than anyone else in
her class, (beautiful)
10 Mr Jones is
11 Mark hit the ball very
12 She runs
person in the village, (old)
(hard)
than anyone else in the team.
(fast)
13 Do you think older people drive
than
younger people? (slow)
14 They all dance well, but John dances
(good)
15 This computer is nearly twice
as the old
one. (expensive)
16 He doesn't ski
17 This typewriter is
as his sister, (good)
than mine, (modern)
18 1 think they both behaved very
19 People aren't
(rude)
as they used to be.
(thoughtful)
20 I waited
than anyone else, (long)
29
Verbs
THE PRESENT TENSE
28
Present Simple
FORM
Positive
Question
I
You
We
They
work.
He
She
It
works.
Do
I
you
we
they
he
Does she
it
Negative
I
work?
work?
YOU
We
They
He
She
it
do not
(don't)
work.
does not
(doesn't)
work.
• There is only one form of you in English, which is the same in singular
and plural.
• Note the endings with he, she, and it. If the verb ends in ss, sh, ch, or x,
add es:
He finishes {finish ends in sh)
She watches (watch ends in ch)
USE
• For something which is permanently true:
I come from France.
He doesn't speak Spanish.
We live in London.
• For repeated actions or habits:
1 get up at six o'clock every day.
What time do you leave work?
I don't see them very often.
Practice
Rewrite each sentence as a positive or negative sentence, or a question,
according to the instructions.
1
I visit my parents very often, (negative)
/ don't visit my parents very often.
2 Does he go to school every day? (positive)
He goes to school every day.
3
30
She comes from Germany, (question)
Does she come from Germany?
Verbs
4 She goes to work by car. (question)
5 We watch television every night, (negative)
6 He doesn't walk to work every day. (positive)
7
She plays football every Saturday, (question)
8 He washes his car every week, (question)
9 They live in Australia, (question)
10 They go to school by bus. (question)
11 Does she finish work at five o'clock? (positive)
12 He goes to the cinema on Fridays, (question)
13 I come from Africa, (negative)
14 Does he live in this street? (positive)
15 He works in a restaurant, (question)
16 She gets up at five o'clock, (question)
17 They eat a lot. (negative)
18 Does he work here? (positive)
31
Verbs
29
Present Continuous
FORM
Positive
Question
I
am - I'm
He
She
It
is
He's
- She's
It's
He's
- She's
It's
We
You
They
We're
are - You're
They're
he
she
it
working?
we
you
they
Negative with n't
am — I'm
is
Is
Are
Negative with not
He
She
It
I
working.
We're
We
You are — You're
They're
They
I
Am
—
not working.
He
She
It
isn't
We
You
They
aren't
working.
USE
• For an action in progress now:
I'm reading a grammar book now.
What are you looking at?
She isn't eating at the moment.
Practice
Rewrite each sentence as a positive or negative sentence, or a question,
according to the instructions.
1
She's watching television now. (question)
Is she watching television now?
2 He isn't staying at this hotel, (positive)
He's staying at thle hotel.
3
She's reading, (negative)
She isn't reading.
4 They're working, (question)
32
Verbs
5 He's writing a letter, [question)
6 He's eating, (negative)
7 I'm not working, (positive)
8
She's studying at the moment, (question)
9
I'm sleeping, (negative)
10 You're reading my newspaper, (question)
11 She's writing a letter, (question)
12 He's talking to Mary, (question)
13 They're not playing football, (positive)
14 He's listening to the radio, (question)
15 You're playing with my football, (question)
30 Present Simple/Present Continuous
Practice In your notebook, write these sentences putting the verbs into the correct tense.
1
She (read) at the moment.
She's reading at the moment.
2
(You go) to work by car?
Do you qo to work by car?
3 I (not watch} television every night.
/ don't watch television every night.
4 I (not watch) television at the moment.
I'm not watching television at the moment.
33
Verbs
5 We {see] our parents every week.
6
(You listen) to the radio now?
7 I (not get up) at seven o'clock every morning.
8 Peter (talk) to Susan now.
9
(They work) in the restaurant at the weekends?
10 She (listen) to the radio in her bedroom at the moment.
11 They (not come) to school every day.
12 (You work) now?
13 The children (go) to bed at eight o'clock.
14 1 (leave) the office every day at five.
15 I'm sorry i can't talk to you now. I (go) out.
16 (Peter and Jane work) in London at the moment?
17 (Mary and Susan drive) to the office every day?
18 We (go) to the beach now.
19 (John listen) to the radio at the moment?
20 (Your parents sit) in the garden now?
21 The film (start) every night at eight o'clock
22 They (not go) to the cinema very often.
23 (You go) into the office every month?
24 I (not study) at the moment.
31
34
Present Continuous: short answers
Verbs
FORM
Positive
Yes,
Negative
I
am.
I'm
not.
he
she
is.
he
she
's not.
it
No,
we
you are.
they
it
we
you
they
or
're not.
he
she
it
isn't.
we
you
they
aren't,
Notes
• Nouns —• pronouns.
'Are your parents sleeping?'
'Yes, they are.'
• Positive short answers do not use contractions:
Yes, 1 am. (NOT Yes, I'm)
Yes, they are. (NOT Yes, they're)
• Contractions are used in negative short answers.
7s she working?'
'No, she isn't'
Practice
Someone is asking you questions. Write the short answers.
1
'Are you working at the moment?'
'No,
2
'Are your sislers working now?'
'No,
3
'Are your parents coming?'
'Yes
'
4
'Is John working at the moment?'
'Yes,
'
5
'Are they playing tennis?'
'No,
'
6
'Are you reading this book?'
'Yes,
'
7 'Is Mary going to school today?'
'No,
'
8
'Is Peter listening to the radio?'
'Yes,
'
9
'Are they doing their homework now?'
'No,
'
'Yes,
'
10 'Is the dog sleeping?'
'
'
Verbs
32 Present Simple: short answers
FORM
Positive
Negative
I
we
you
they
Yes,
he
she
it
we
you
they
do.
No,
he
she
does,
don't,
doesn't,
it
Notes
• Nouns * pronouns
'Do the men want some tea?
'Yes, they do.'
• Negative short answers can use the
unconnected form:
No, they do Jiot. (this is more emphatic)
Practice
Write the short answers.
1
'Do you live here?1
'Yes,
2
'Does Mary work in this office?'
'No,
3
'Does Stephen speak French?'
'No,
'
4
'Do the teachers like your work?'
'Yes,
'
5
'Do you understand the lessons?'
'No,
'
6
'Do they visit you often?'
'No
'
7 'Do you like France?
'Yes,
'
8
'Do your parents live in London?'
'Yes,
.'
9
'Does your father like modern music?'
'No,
'
'Yes,
.'
11 'Do your grandparents still enjoy gardening?' 'Yes,
'
1
1
10 'Does Judy drive to work?
36
'
'
12 'Does Simon's sister work with you?'
'No,
.'
13 'Do John and Alison eat meat?'
'No,
'
14 'Docs Tony like adventure films?'
'Yes,
'
15 'Do you watch TV at the weekend?'
'No,
'
16 'Does your uncle play tennis?'
'Yes
.'
Verbs
33 Present Simple and Continuous: short forms
Check
Someone is asking you questions. Write the short answers.
1
'Are your brothers working today?'
'Yes,
2
'Do you speak Italian?'
'No,
3
'Do you like this school?'
'Yes,
'
'Yes,
'
'Yes,
'
6 'Do you go to school on Sundays?'
'No,
'
7
'Are your parents staying here?'
'No,
'
8
'Does the dog sleep in your bedroom?'
'No,
'
9
'Do you get up at eight o'clock?'
'Yes,
'
10 'Is Mary listening to the stereo?'
'Yes
'
11 'Does the film start at six o'clock?'
'No,
'
12 'Are the children playing football?'
'Yes,
'
13 'Does Susan drive to work?'
'Yes
'
14 Are you reading?'
'No,
'
15 'Am I reading your paper?'
'Yes,
'
16 'Are they doing the washing up?'
'Yes,
'
17 'Do you come to work by bike?'
'No,
'
18 'Is John watching television?'
'No,
'
19 'Does Paul swim for the school team?'
'Yes,
'
20 'Am I sitting in the right place?'
'Yes,
'
21 'Do you like reading poetry?'
'No,
'
22 'Do we need our coats?'
'No,
'
23 'Are Anne and Maria waiting for the bus?1
'Yes,
'
24 'Are you enjoying yourself?'
'Yes,
'
25 'Is she coming now?'
'No,
'
26 'Does he know London well?'
'No,
'
27 'Do they like chicken?'
'Yes,
'
4 'Do you go to school in London?'
5
i
'Is your mother watching television?1
Verbs
THE PAST TENSE
34
Past Simple: question and negative
FORM
• The past simple question form is the same for all persons (I, you, he, she,
etc.) and all verbs:
Did
Subject Infinitive
Did
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
leave?
go?
stay?
• The past simple negative form is the same for all persons and all verbs:
Subject
did not
Infinitive
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
did not
didn't
leave.
gostay.
USE
>- Exercise 35.
Practice
Write these sentences in the past simple, keeping them as questions or negatives.
1 Do they agree? Did they agree?
2 They don't drive. They didn't drive.
3 When do they go?
4 Where do they work?
5 Do you understand?
6 I don't know
7 He doesn't like it
8 What do you think?
38
Verbs
9
She doesn't live here
10 How much does it cost?
11 When do you get up?
12 1 don't swim
13 She doesn't speak Spanish
14 We don't understand
15 When do they leave?
16 When does he go to school?
17 Do you like Germany?
18 When do you go out?
19 She doesn't smoke
20 He doesn't know
35
Past Simple: positive - regular verbs
FORM
• Regular verbs have the same form for all persons (I, you, he, she, etc.):
Subject
Infinitive + ed
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
stayed.
Notes
• Irregular verbs are different in the positive >• Exercise 36.
• Remember to use the infinitive without ed for questions and negatives
Exercise 34.
Did you stay? (NOT Did you stayed?)
• Spelling:
a) verbs ending in e add only d:
I love — / loved
b) verbs ending in y change y to led:
I try — I tried
c) most verbs ending in a single vowel + single consonant change to single
vowel + double consonant:
/ travel —• travelled
We stop —• we stopped
39
Verbs
USE
• For a past action or state. The action can be a short one:
/ asked a question.
She missed the bus.
or a long one:
/ walked for hours.
I lived here for years.
Practice
Change the verbs into the past simple, keeping them as positives, negatives,
or questions.
1 He lives here. He lived here.
2 Do you work here? Did you work here?
3 I don't like the film
4 She hates the hotel
5 We don't live there
6 Does he play the piano?
7 I love Paris
8
He doesn't work very hard
9 She travels a lot
10 He walks everywhere
11 I don't study English
12 Do you drive to school?
13 I don't like him
14 Do you miss your parents?
15 We love Spain
16 John studies music
17 Where do you live?
18 What does he study?
19 Where does she work?
20 We don't like London
21 They hate waiting
22 They work in a factory
40
Verbs
36
Past Simple: positive - irregular verbs
FORM
• Irregular verbs have the same form for all persons (I, you, he, she, etc)
Subject
Past Simple
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
went.
• Irregular verbs are irregular in the past simple in the positive only (not in the
negative or question form):
go — went
She went home yesterday,
sit — sat
I sat down,
write -- wrote
She wrote for hours.
USE
Exercise 35.
Look at these irregular forms (
go
sit
come
write
run
—
went
-—
-—
sat
came
wrote
ran
Exercise 54 for a longer list):
give
have
---
get u p
eat
drink
gave
had
got up
ate
drank
--—
Practice
Use the verbs above to complete these sentences.
1
I .wrote... a few letters yesterday.
2 He
at six o'clock this morning.
3 They
4 She
home late last night.
a headache yesterday.
5 I was hungry so I
some bread and cheese.
6 They came into my office and
7 We
8 I was late so I
9 She
10 They
down.
some water.
to work.
abroad last week.
him some money.
41
Verbs
37
Past Simple: positive
Practice
37a Write the past simple positive of these irregular verbs.
buy
bought
forget
see
catch
give
sit
choose
go
speak
come
know
take
do
make
tell
drink
put
think
eat
read
understand
37b In your notebook, write these sentences putting the verbs into the past
simple. Remember that the infinitive is used for questions and negatives.
1 I
some new clothes last week, (buy)
/ bought some new clothes last week.
2 What time
last night? (they come)
What time did they come last night?
3 I
his question, (not understand)
/ didn't understand his question.
4 I
5
a lot at the party? (you eat)
6 I
the bus this morning, (not catch)
7 I
my keys yesterday, (forget)
8
you about the meeting? (they tell)
9 Peter
the washing-up last night, (do)
10 They
anything at the disco, (not drink)
11 I
12 We
13
14 They
15 We
42
he was wrong, (think)
your suitcase in your bedroom, (put)
it was your birthday, (not know)
to the office yesterday? (you go)
her a present when she left, (give)
their letters, (read)
Verbs
38
Past Continuous
FORM
Positive
I
He
was
She
It
Were
working?
theyI
We
You were
They
working.
Question
I
he
Was
she
it
Negative
I
He
was not
She
(wasn't)
It
We
You
They
working.
were not
(weren't)
USE
To describe a past action at some point between its beginning and its end.
The past continuous is often interrupted by the past simple.
I was having a bath when the phone rang.
John arrived when I was eating.
I was listening to the radio when I had an idea.
We were playing tennis at 7 o'clock last night.
Note the difference between:
a) When she arrived, we had dinner.
b) When she arrived, we were having dinner.
The time order for (a) is arriving then having dinner.
The time order for (b) is having dinner, during which she arrived.
When she arrived, we were having dinner.
Practice
38a Look at these sentences and answer the questions by circling A or B.
1
When I saw them, they were playing football.
Which happened first?
A I saw them (B) they were playing football
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Verbs
2 When she telephoned, I was having a bath.
Which happened first?
A the telephone call B the bath
3
They were watching television when I visited them.
Which happened first?
A They were watching television
B I visited them
4 I was walking into the house when I heard the noise.
Which happened first?
A I was walking into the house B I heard the noise
5 I walked into the house when I heard the noise.
Which happened first?
A I walked into the house B I heard the noise.
6 We left the party when the police arrived.
Which happened first?
A We left the party B the police arrived
7 We were leaving the party when the police arrived.
Which happened first?
A We were leaving the party B the police arrived
8 I made the beds when Joan and Ian got here.
Which happened first?
A I made the beds
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B Joan and Ian got here.
I was making the beds when Joan and Ian got here.
Which happened first.
A I was making the beds
B Joan and Ian got here
10 I was getting into my car when I heard the shot.
Which happened first?
A I was getting into my car B I heard the shot
38b Complete these sentences by putting the verbs into the past continuous or
the past simple.
1 I ..was watching., television when the phone rang, (watch]
2 When the ambulance came, we
3 She
4 When he saw me, he
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him into it. (carry)
her car when she suddenly felt ill. (drive)
off the wall, (fall)