Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp THPTQG môn Tiếng Anh trường THPT Nguyễn Đăng Đạo năm 2022

KHẢO SÁT CHẤT LƯỢNG THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT NĂM 2022
Bài thi: NGOẠI NGỮ; Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH
THPT NGUYỄN ĐĂNG ĐẠO - BẮC NINH
Thời gian làm bài: 60 phút; 50 câu trắc nghiệm
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the
following questions.
Question 1. My brother quickly adapted to his new job at the bank.
A. My brother quickly got used to his new job at the bank.
B. My brother was used to adapting to his new job at the bank.
C. My brother was able to do his new job at the bank easily.
D. My brother's new job at the bank was easy for him to adapt to.
Question 2. "I am very pleased at how things have turned out.", she said to her employees.
A. She asked her employees how things had turned out and was pleased to know it.
B. She complimented her employees for making things turn out
C. She wanted her employees to tell her how many things had turned out.
D. She expressed her satisfaction with the ways things had turned out.
Question 3. What I found surprising was his lack of confidence.
A. He was overconfident, so I was very surprised.
B. His lack of confidence was what I really found.
C. To my surprise, he found himself lacking in confidence.
D. It was his lack of confidence that surprised me.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning
to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 4. They are going to have to amputate his left leg which was badly injured in the
accident.
A. cut off

B. separate

C. mend

D. remove

Question 5.1 was relieved by the news that they had gone home safe and sound.
A. relaxed

B. comforted

C. concerned

D. lightened

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions.
It is estimated that by 2050 more than two-thirds of the world's population will live in cities, up
from about 54 percent today. While the many benefits of organized and efficient cities are well
understood, we need to recognize that this rapid, often unplanned urbanization brings risks of
profound social instability, risks to critical infrastructure, potential water crises and the potential for
devastating spread of diseases. These risks can only be further exacerbated as this unprecedented
transition from rural to urban areas continues.
How effectively these risks can be addressed will increasingly be determined by how well cities

are governed. The increased concentration of people, physical assets, infrastructure and economic
activities mean that the risks materializing at the city level will have far greater potential to disrupt
society than ever before.
Urbanization is by no means bad by itself. It brings important benefits for economic, cultural and
societal development. Well managed cities are both efficient and effective, enabling economies of
scale and network effects while reducing the impact on the climate of transportation. As such an
urban model can make economic activity more environmentally-friendly. Further, the proximity and
diversity and diversity of people can spark innovation and create employment as exchanging ideas
breeds new ideas. But these utopian concepts are threatened by some of the factors driving rapid
urbanization. For example, one of the main factors is rural-urban migration, driven by the prospect
of greater employment opportunities and the hope of a better life in cities. But rapidly increasing
population density can create severe problems, especially if planning efforts are not sufficient to
cope with the influx of new inhabitants. The result may, in extreme cases, be widespread poverty.
Estimates suggest that 40% of the world's urban expansion is taking place in slums, exacerbating
socio-economic disparities and creating unsanitary conditions that facilitate the spread of disease.
The Global Risks 2015 Report looks at four areas that face particularly daunting in the face of
rapid and unplanned urbanization: infrastructure, health, climate change, and social instability. In
each of these areas we find new risks that can best managed or, in some cases, transferred through
the mechanism of insurance.
(Adapted from WWW.Zurich. com)
Question 6. According to paragraph 3, what is one of the advantages of urbanization?
A. People may come up with new ideas for innovation
B. It makes water supply system both efficient and effective
C. Weather and climate in the city will be much improved
D. It minimizes risks for economic, cultural and societal development
Question 7. Which statement is TRUE, according to the passage?
A. Urbanization brings important benefits for development as well
B. 54% of the world's population will live in cities by 2050.
C. Risks cannot be addressed effectively no matter how well cities are
D. Rapidly increasing population density can help solve poverty.
Question 8. Which is the most suitable title for the passage?
A. The Global Risks 2015 Report on Developing Urban Areas
B. The Risks of Rapid Urbanization in Developing countries
C. Infrastructure and Economic Activities in Cities
D. Rapid Urbanization Put Cities in Jeopardy
Question 9. The word “addressed” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to________.
A. aimed at

B. added to

C. agreed on

D. dealt with

Question 10. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The increasing number of people in cities can create more employment.
B. Diseases are caused by people migrating to cities.

C. Urbanization can solve the problem of environmental pollution in cities.
D. Poverty may be a foregone conclusion of unplanned urbanization
Question 11. The word "spark" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to________.
A. encourage

B. need

C. start

D. design

Question 12. The word "that" in paragraph 4 refers to___________.
A. unsanitary conditions

B. socio-economic disparities

C. urban expansion

D. disease

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Singapore was one of the five original member countries that (13) ________ ASEAN in 1967.
(14) __________ its independence in 1965, Singapore has become one of the world's most
prosperous countries. Singapore is highly ranked for its economic competitiveness, and it was the
world's most (15) __________ country from 1997 to 1999 as ranked by the World Economic Forum.
Singapore has (16) _________ an impressive recovery after the Asian financial crisis of 19971998. The government is currently restructuring the economy by promoting higher-value-added
activities in line with a knowledge-based" economy, and by opening up protected sectors such as
financial services to increase overall efficiency. Various bilateral free-trade agreements are also
being negotiated to improve market access and (17) _____ foreign investment inflows.
Question 13. A. held

B. set for

C. establishes

D. founded

Question 14. A. Since

B. With

C. For

D. Because of

Question 15. A. competitiveness B. competing

C. competitive

D. competitor

Question 16. A. made

B. done

C. had

D. improved

Question 17. A. encourage

B. dispose

C. lead

D. call

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other
three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 18. A. distinguished

B. practical

C. emission

D. respectable

Question 19. A. situation

B. disappearance

C. economic

D. increasingly

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
Question 20. In a formal interview, it is essential to maintain good eye

____with the interviewers.

A. connection

D. contact

B. touch

C. link

Question 21. Sally's low test scores kept her from __________to the university.
A. to admit

B. being admitted

C. admitting

D. to be admitted

Question 22. Jill went to ________ hospital to see her friend.
A. an

B. the

C. x

D. a

Question 23. While my mother ________ a film on TV, my father was cooking dinner. It was
March 8th yesterday.
A. watched

B. had watched

C. was watched

D. was watching.

Question 24. Mrs. Jane gave her short speech to express her ________ for the retirement gift.

A. applause

B. apportionment

C. appreciation

D. appeasement

Question 25. People have used coal and oil to ___________ electricity for a long time.
A. cultivate

B. breed

C. raise

D. generate

Question 26. Children should be___________by their parents on the first day of school.
A. followed

B. accompanied

C. involved

D. associated

Question 27. The shark____________him while he was paddling on his surfboard.
A. has attacked

B. was attacked

C. attacked

D. had attacked

Question 28.1 couldn't find John at the party last night. If I___________him, we'd have been happy.
A. met

B. meet

C. had met

D. have met

Question 29. The teacher explained so much stuff in just one lesson that most of the students could
____________ only half of it.
A. take in

B. let out

C. break up

D. get through

Question 30. Each form of mass media has had an important___________on society.
A. affection

B. impact

C. role

D. pressure

Question 31. ___________ The heavy rain, I walk home without an umbrella.
A. Although

B. Though

C. Despite of

D. Despite

Question 32. We are having _________ terrible weather which is quite strange. Usually ________
weather in UK is not this bad.
A. the - a

B. 0 - the

C. the - the

D. a - the

Question 33. The boys proposed that their group leader__________a camping trip.
A. organize

B. organized

C. organizing

D. organizes

Question 34. It is imperative____________what to do when there is a fire.
A. that he knew

B. he must know about

C. we knew

D. that everyone know

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in
the following questions.
Question 35. A car hit the fence of my garden. I was cleaning the swimming pool.
A. A car hit the fence and I was cleaning the swimming pool.
B. While a car hit the fence I was cleaning the swimming pool.
C. I was cleaning the swimming pool when a car hit the fence.
D. I was cleaning the swimming pool then a car hit the fence.
Question 36. Why do you take an umbrella? It is not even raining.
A. You need not to take an umbrella because it is not even raining.
B. You must not take an umbrella because it is not even raining.
C. You cannot take an umbrella because it is not even raining.
D. You need not take an umbrella because it is not even raining.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that is pronounced
differently from the rest in each of the following questions.
Question 37. A. gain

B. village

C. energy

D. gesture

Question 38. A. practiced

B. wasted

C. jumped

D. laughed

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that need
correction in each of the following questions.
Question 39. There are a number of measures that should be done to protect endangered animals
from overhunting.
A. endangered

B. from

C. should be done

D. there are

Question 40. Last month, while my friend was travelling round England by the car, he crashed the
car into a tree.
A. the car

B. a

C. was travelling

D. the

Question 41. Last night, suddenly my mother was deciding to ban me from using the internet so we
ended up having a huge row.
A. was deciding

B. the

C. ended up

D. a

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
Question 42. Linda is very outgoing, however, her brother is quite reserved.
A. sociable

B. shy

C. open

D. easygoing

Question 43. Recognizable smaller than most of the kids in his age group, Lionel Messi was
diagnosed by doctors as suffering from a hormone deficiency that restricted his growth.
A. abundance

B. sufficiency

C. inadequacy

D. strength

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best completes
each of following exchanges.
Question 44. “Michael and I want to do something more creative this term.” - “_________.”
A. What's it like?

B. That kind of work? No way.

C. Like what, exactly?

D. What sort of writing?

Question 45. Would you like to order now? - “______________.”
A. Yes, of course

B. Yes, a regular pizza, please.

C. No, we wouldn't.

D. No, no. spaghetti is better

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions.
The increase in urbanization causes different problems. Air and water pollution are amongst the
major issues we have to tackle.
In the first place, cars, factories and burning waste emit dangerous gases that change the air
quality in our cities and pose threats to our health. Dangerous gases such as carbon dioxide and
nitrogen oxides cause respiratory diseases, for instant, bronchitis and asthma. Those are also proved
to have long-term effects on the environment.
Furthermore, with the increased population, it becomes difficult to manage the waste generated in
cities. Most of the waste is discharged or dumped into rivers or onto streets. The waste pollutes

water and makes it unfit for human consumption. Subsequently, it becomes more and more difficult
for city dwellers to get clean water. Some cities in Africa are unable to provide adequate water
supply because most of the water is lost in pipe leakages. In fact, most city dwellers in developing
countries are forced to boil their water or to buy bottled water, which is very expensive.
There are several actions that could be taken to eradicate the problems described above. Firstly, a
simple solution would be joining community efforts to address problems affecting your city. Ask
your parents, friends and relatives to join in as well. These efforts might include clean-up
campaigns, recycling projects and a signature campaign to ask the government to do something
about the situation. A second measure would be encouraging your teacher to talk about these
problems and to discuss how young people can help to solve them. Finally, writing to local
organizations working on these issues for ideas on how you can contribute to solve them.
(Adapted from nationalgeographiC.com)
Question 46. Which of the following would serve as the best title for the passage?
A. Increasing urbanization: Causes and effects
B. Environmental pollution: Problems and actions
C. Environment degradation: Air and water pollution
D. Increasing urbanization: Effects and solutions
Question 47. According to the passage, in some cities in Africa
A. people aren't provided enough water due to leaking pipes
B. people would rather use boiling water and bottled water
C. people are allowed to dump waste into rivers and on streets
D. people have found some solutions to the problems
Question 48. The word "which" in paragraph 3 refers to__________.
A. bottled water

B. water supply

C. solution

D. human consumption

Question 49. The word "tackle" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_________.
A. try on

B. deal with

C. make up

D. turn down

Question 50. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as actions that could be taken to eradicate
problems caused by urbanization?
A. encouraging your teacher to talk about these problems
B. discussing how young people can help to solve them
C. joining community efforts to address problems affecting your city
D. writing to local organizations working on these issues

KHẢO SÁT CHẤT LƯỢNG THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT NĂM 2022
Bài thi: NGOẠI NGỮ; Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH
THPT NGUYỄN ĐĂNG ĐẠO - BẮC NINH
Thời gian làm bài: 60 phút; 50 câu trắc nghiệm
LỜI GIẢI CHI TIẾT
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the
following questions.
Question 1. My brother quickly adapted to his new job at the bank.
A. My brother quickly got used to his new job at the bank.
B. My brother was used to adapting to his new job at the bank.
C. My brother was able to do his new job at the bank easily.
D. My brother's new job at the bank was easy for him to adapt to.
Lời giải chi tiết:

Giải thích:
Adapt to sth = get used to sth: làm quen, thích nghi với cái gì
Dịch: Anh trai tôi đã nhanh chóng thích nghi với công việc mới ở ngân hàng.
A. Anh trai tôi đã nhanh chóng làm quen với công việc mới tại ngân hàng.
B. Sai vì be used to V-ing là đã quen với việc gì, chưa hợp lý trong câu này.
C. Anh ta có thể làm công việc tại ngân hàng dễ dàng. → sai nghĩa
D. Công việc mới của anh trai tôi tại ngân hàng thì dễ dàng để anh ấy thích
nghi. → sai nghĩa
→ Đáp án A

Question 2. "I am very pleased at how things have turned out.", she said to her employees.
A. She asked her employees how things had turned out and was pleased to know it.
B. She complimented her employees for making things turn out
C. She wanted her employees to tell her how many things had turned out.
D. She expressed her satisfaction with the ways things had turned out.
Lời giải chi tiết:
Giải thích:
Câu gốc: "Tôi rất hài lòng về cách mọi thứ đã diễn ra.", Cô nói với các nhân viên của mình.
A. Cô ấy hỏi nhân viên của mình mọi thứ diễn ra như thế nào và rất vui khi biết điều đó. → sai
nghĩa
B. Cô ấy khen nhân viên của mình đã làm cho mọi thứ diễn ra. → sai nghĩa
C. Cô ấy muốn nhân viên nói cho cô ấy biết bao nhiêu điều đã xảy ra. → sai nghĩa
D. Cô ấy bày tỏ sự hài lòng của mình với những cách mà mọi thứ đã diễn ra.

→ Đáp án D
Question 3. What I found surprising was his lack of confidence.
A. He was overconfident, so I was very surprised.
B. His lack of confidence was what I really found.
C. To my surprise, he found himself lacking in confidence.
D. It was his lack of confidence that surprised me.
Lời giải chi tiết:
Giải thích:
Câu gốc: Điều tôi thấy ngạc nhiên là sự thiếu tự tin của anh ấy.
A. Anh ấy quá tự tin, vì vậy tôi đã rất ngạc nhiên. → sai nghĩa
B. Sự thiếu tự tin của anh ấy là điều tôi thực sự nhận thấy. → sai nghĩa
C. Trước sự ngạc nhiên của tôi, anh ấy thấy mình thiếu tự tin. → sai nghĩa
D. Chính sự thiếu tự tin của anh ấy đã làm tôi ngạc nhiên.
→ Đáp án D

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning
to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 4. They are going to have to amputate his left leg which was badly injured in the
accident.
A. cut off

B. separate

C. mend

D. remove

Lời giải chi tiết:
Giải thích:
Kiến thức về từ trái nghĩa
amputate (v): cưa đi, cắt bỏ
A. cut off (phV): cắt (điện), cắt bỏ
B. separate (v): chia ra, tách rời, loại bỏ
C. mend (v): sửa đổi
D. remove (v): loại bỏ
amputate >< mend
Tạm dịch: Họ sẽ phải cắt cái chân trái bị thương nặng trong vụ tai nạn của anh ấy.
→ Đáp án C
Question 5.1 was relieved by the news that they had gone home safe and sound.
A. relaxed

B. comforted

Lời giải chi tiết:
Giải thích:
Kiến thức về từ trái nghĩa
relieved (a): nhẹ nhõm
A. relaxed (a): thư giãn
B. comforted (a): thư giãn
C. concerned (a): bận tâm, quan tâm
D. lightened (a): nhẹ bớt

C. concerned

D. lightened

→ relieved >< concerned
Tạm dịch: Tôi cảm thấy nhẹ nhõm vì biết tin rằng họ đã về nhà bình an vô sự.
→ Đáp án C
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions.
It is estimated that by 2050 more than two-thirds of the world's population will live in cities, up
from about 54 percent today. While the many benefits of organized and efficient cities are well
understood, we need to recognize that this rapid, often unplanned urbanization brings risks of
profound social instability, risks to critical infrastructure, potential water crises and the potential for
devastating spread of diseases. These risks can only be further exacerbated as this unprecedented
transition from rural to urban areas continues.
How effectively these risks can be addressed will increasingly be determined by how well cities
are governed. The increased concentration of people, physical assets, infrastructure and economic
activities mean that the risks materializing at the city level will have far greater potential to disrupt
society than ever before.
Urbanization is by no means bad by itself. It brings important benefits for economic, cultural and
societal development. Well managed cities are both efficient and effective, enabling economies of
scale and network effects while reducing the impact on the climate of transportation. As such an
urban model can make economic activity more environmentally-friendly. Further, the proximity and
diversity and diversity of people can spark innovation and create employment as exchanging ideas
breeds new ideas. But these utopian concepts are threatened by some of the factors driving rapid
urbanization. For example, one of the main factors is rural-urban migration, driven by the prospect
of greater employment opportunities and the hope of a better life in cities. But rapidly increasing
population density can create severe problems, especially if planning efforts are not sufficient to
cope with the influx of new inhabitants. The result may, in extreme cases, be widespread poverty.
Estimates suggest that 40% of the world's urban expansion is taking place in slums, exacerbating
socio-economic disparities and creating unsanitary conditions that facilitate the spread of disease.
The Global Risks 2015 Report looks at four areas that face particularly daunting in the face of
rapid and unplanned urbanization: infrastructure, health, climate change, and social instability. In
each of these areas we find new risks that can best managed or, in some cases, transferred through
the mechanism of insurance.
(Adapted from WWW.Zurich. com)
Giải thích:
TẠM DỊCH
It is estimated that by 2050 more than two-thirds
of the world's population will live in cities, up
from about 54 percent today. While the many
benefits of organized and efficient cities are well
understood, we need to recognize that this rapid,
often unplanned urbanization brings risks of
profound social instability, risks to critical
infrastructure, potential water crises and the
potential for devastating spread of disease.
These risks can only be further exacerbated as

Người ta ước tính rằng đến năm 2050, hơn 2/3
dân số thế giới sẽ sống ở các thành phố, tăng từ
khoảng 54% so với hiện nay. Mặc dù đã hiểu rõ
nhiều lợi ích của các thành phố có tổ chức và
hiệu quả, nhưng chúng ta cần nhận ra rằng quá
trình đô thị hóa nhanh chóng, thường không có
kế hoạch này mang đến những rủi ro về bất ổn
xã hội sâu sắc, rủi ro đối với cơ sở hạ tầng quan
trọng, tiềm ẩn khủng hoảng nước và khả năng
lây lan dịch bệnh. Những rủi ro này chỉ có thể

this unprecedented transition from rural to
urban areas continues.
How effectively these risks can be addressed will
increasingly be determined by how well cities
are governed. The increased concentration of
people, physical assets, infrastructure and
economic activities mean that the risks
materializing at the city level will have far
greater potential to disrupt society than ever
before.
Urbanization is by no means bad by itself. It
brings important benefits for economic, cultural
and societal development. Well managed cities
are both efficient and effective, enabling
economies of scale and network effects while
reducing the impact on the climate of
transportation. As such, an urban model can
make economic activity more environmentallyfriendly. Further, the proximity and diversity of
people can spark innovation and create
employment as exchanging ideas breeds new
ideas.
But these utopian concepts are threatened by
some of the factors driving rapid urbanization.
For example, one of the main factors is ruralurban migration, driven by the prospect of
greater employment opportunities and the hope
of a better life in cities. But rapidly increasing
population density can create severe problems,
especially if planning efforts are not sufficient to
cope with the influx of new inhabitants. The
result may, in extreme cases, be widespread
poverty. Estimates suggest that 40% of the
world's urban expansion is taking place in slums,
exacerbating socio-economic disparities and
creating unsanitary conditions that facilitate the
spread of disease.
The Global Risks 2015 Report looks at four
areas that face particularly daunting challenges
in the face of rapid and unplanned urbanization:
infrastructure, health, climate change, and social
instability. In each of these areas we find new
risks that can best be managed or, in some cases,
transferred through the mechanism of insurance.

trở nên trầm trọng hơn khi quá trình chuyển đổi
chưa từng có từ nông thôn ra thành thị tiếp tục
diễn ra.
Mức độ hiệu quả của những rủi ro có thể được
giải quyết sẽ ngày càng được xác định bởi mức
độ quản lý của các thành phố. Sự tập trung ngày
càng tăng của con người, tài sản vật chất, cơ sở
hạ tầng và các hoạt động kinh tế có nghĩa là
những rủi ro hiện hữu ở cấp thành phố sẽ có
tiềm năng gây rối loạn xã hội lớn hơn bao giờ
hết.
Đô thị hóa tự nó không có nghĩa là xấu. Nó
mang lại những lợi ích quan trọng cho sự phát
triển kinh tế, văn hóa, xã hội. Các thành phố
được quản lý tốt vừa hiệu quả vừa thành công,
cho phép kinh tế theo quy mô và hiệu ứng mạng
đồng thời giảm tác động của giao thông đến khí
hậu. Như vậy, một mô hình đô thị có thể làm cho
hoạt động kinh tế thân thiện với môi trường hơn.
Hơn nữa, sự gần gũi và đa dạng của mọi người
có thể khơi dậy sự đổi mới và tạo ra việc làm khi
việc trao đổi ý tưởng nảy sinh ra những ý tưởng
mới.
Nhưng những khái niệm không tưởng này đang
bị đe dọa bởi một số yếu tố thúc đẩy quá trình đô
thị hóa nhanh chóng. Ví dụ, một trong những
yếu tố chính là di cư từ nông thôn-thành thị,
được thúc đẩy bởi triển vọng có cơ hội việc làm
lớn hơn và hy vọng có cuộc sống tốt hơn ở các
thành phố. Nhưng mật độ dân số tăng nhanh có
thể tạo ra nhiều vấn đề nghiêm trọng, đặc biệt
nếu các nỗ lực quy hoạch không đủ để đối phó
với làn sóng dân cư mới. Kết quả có thể, trong
những trường hợp cực đoan, là đói nghèo trên
diện rộng. Các ước tính cho thấy 40% sự mở
rộng đô thị trên thế giới đang diễn ra trong các
khu ổ chuột, làm trầm trọng thêm sự chênh lệch
kinh tế xã hội và tạo điều kiện mất vệ sinh cái
mà tạo điều kiện cho dịch bệnh lây lan.
Báo cáo Rủi ro Toàn cầu năm 2015 xem xét bốn
lĩnh vực phải đối mặt với những thách thức đặc
biệt khó khăn khi đối mặt với quá trình đô thị
hóa nhanh chóng và không có kế hoạch: cơ sở
hạ tầng, y tế, biến đổi khí hậu và bất ổn xã hội.
Trong mỗi lĩnh vực này, chúng ta nhận thấy
những rủi ro mới có thể được quản lý tốt nhất
hoặc trong một số trường hợp, được chuyển giao
thông qua cơ chế bảo hiểm.